Hearst's International Library Co.

Hearst Communications, Inc., often referred to simply as Hearst, is an American multinational mass media and business information conglomerate based in Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

Hearst owns newspapers, magazines, television channels, and television stations, including the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', the ''Houston Chronicle'', ''Cosmopolitan'' and ''Esquire''. It owns 50% of the A&E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN, both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company.

The conglomerate also owns several business-information companies, including Fitch Ratings and First Databank.

The company was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management.

History

The formative years

In 1880, George Hearst, mining entrepreneur and U.S. senator, bought the '' San Francisco Daily Examiner.'' In 1887, he turned the ''Examiner'' over to his son, William Randolph Hearst, who that year founded the Hearst Corporation. The younger Hearst eventually built readership for Hearst-owned newspapers and magazines from 15,000 to over 20 million. Hearst began to purchase and launched other newspapers, including the ''New York Journal'' in 1895 and the ''Los Angeles Examiner'' in 1903.

In 1903, Hearst created ''Motor'' magazine, the first title in his company's magazine division. He acquired ''Cosmopolitan'' in 1905, and ''Good Housekeeping'' in 1911. The company entered the book publishing business in 1913 with the formation of Hearst's International Library. Hearst began producing film features in the mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios: the International Film Service, turning characters from Hearst newspaper strips into film characters.

Hearst bought the ''Atlanta Georgian'' in 1912, the ''San Francisco Call'' and the ''San Francisco Post'' in 1913, the ''Boston Advertiser'' and the ''Washington Times'' (unrelated to the present-day paper) in 1917, and the '' Chicago Herald'' in 1918 (resulting in the ''Herald-Examiner'').

In 1919, Hearst's book publishing division was renamed Cosmopolitan Book.

The peak era

In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, which included a number of magazines and newspapers in major cities. Hearst also began acquiring radio stations to complement his papers. Hearst saw financial challenges in the early 1920s, when he was using company funds to build Hearst Castle in San Simeon and support movie production at Cosmopolitan Productions. This eventually led to the merger of the magazine ''Hearst International'' with ''Cosmopolitan'' in 1925.

Despite some financial troubles, Hearst began extending its reach in 1921, purchasing the ''Detroit Times'', ''The Boston Record,'' and the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer.'' Hearst then added the ''Los Angeles Herald'' and ''Washington Herald,'' as well as the ''Oakland Post-Enquirer'', the ''Syracuse Telegram'' and the '' Rochester Journal-American'' in 1922. He continued his buying spree into the mid-1920s, purchasing the ''Baltimore News'' (1923), the ''San Antonio Light'' (1924), the ''Albany Times Union'' (1924), and ''The Milwaukee Sentinel'' (1924). In 1924, Hearst entered the tabloid market in New York City with ''New York Daily Mirror'', meant to compete with the ''New York Daily News''.

In addition to print and radio, Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the early 1920s, distributing his films under the newly created Metro Goldwyn Mayer. In 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels.

Retrenching after the Great Depression

The Great Depression hurt Hearst and his publications. Cosmopolitan Book was sold to Farrar & Rinehart in 1931. After two years of leasing them to Eleanor "Cissy" Patterson (of the McCormick-Patterson family that owned the ''Chicago Tribune''), Hearst sold her ''The Washington Times'' and ''Herald'' in 1939; she merged them to form the ''Washington Times-Herald''. That year he also bought the ''Milwaukee Sentinel'' from Paul Block (who bought it from the Pfisters in 1929), absorbing his afternoon ''Wisconsin News'' into the morning publication. Also in 1939, he sold the ''Atlanta Georgian'' to Cox Newspapers, which merged it with the ''Atlanta Journal''.

Hearst, with his chain now owned by his creditors after a 1937 liquidation, also had to merge some of his morning papers into his afternoon papers. In Chicago, he combined the morning ''Herald-Examiner'' and the afternoon ''American'' into the ''Herald-American'' in 1939. This followed the 1937 combination of the New York ''Evening Journal'' and the morning ''American'' into the ''New York Journal-American'', the sale of the ''Omaha Daily Bee'' to the ''World-Herald''.

Afternoon papers were a profitable business in pre-television days, often outselling their morning counterparts featuring stock market information in early editions, while later editions were heavy on sporting news with results of baseball games and horse races. Afternoon papers also benefited from continuous reports from the battlefront during World War II. After the war, however, both television news and suburbs experienced explosive growth; thus, evening papers were more affected than those published in the morning, whose circulation remained stable while their afternoon counterparts' sales plummeted.

In 1947, Hearst produced an early television newscast for the DuMont Television Network: ''I.N.S. Telenews'', and in 1948 he became the owner of one of the first television stations in the country, WBAL-TV in Baltimore.

The earnings of Hearst's three morning papers, the ''San Francisco Examiner'', the ''Los Angeles Examiner'', and ''The Milwaukee Sentinel'', supported the company's money-losing afternoon publications such as the ''Los Angeles Herald-Express'', the ''New York Journal-American'', and the ''Chicago American''. The company sold the latter paper in 1956 to the ''Chicago Tribune''s owners, who changed it to the tabloid-size ''Chicago Today'' in 1969 and ceased publication in 1974. In 1960, Hearst also sold the ''Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph'' to the ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' and the ''Detroit Times'' to ''The Detroit News''. After a lengthy strike it sold the ''Milwaukee Sentinel'' to the afternoon ''Milwaukee Journal'' in 1962. The same year Hearst's Los Angeles papers – the morning ''Examiner'' and the afternoon ''Herald-Express'' – merged to become the evening ''Los Angeles Herald-Examiner''. The 1962-63 New York City newspaper strike left the city with no papers for over three months, with the ''Journal-American'' one of the earliest strike targets of the Typographical Union. The ''Boston Record'' and the ''Evening American'' merged in 1961 as the ''Record-American'' and in 1964, the ''Baltimore News-Post'' became the ''Baltimore News-American''.

In 1953 Hearst Magazines bought ''Sports Afield'' magazine, which it published until 1999 when it sold the journal to Robert E. Petersen. In 1958, Hearst's International News Service merged with E.W. Scripps' United Press, forming United Press International as a response to the growth of the Associated Press and Reuters. The following year Scripps-Howard's ''San Francisco News'' merged with Hearst's afternoon ''San Francisco Call-Bulletin''. Also in 1959, Hearst acquired the paperback book publisher Avon (publisher), Avon Books.

In 1965, the Hearst Corporation began pursuing joint operating agreements (JOAs). It reached the first agreement with the DeYoung family, proprietors of the afternoon ''San Francisco Chronicle'', which began to produce a joint Sunday edition with the ''Examiner''. In turn, the ''Examiner'' became an evening publication, absorbing the ''The San Francisco Call, News-Call-Bulletin''. The following year, the ''Journal-American'' reached another JOA with another two landmark New York City papers: the ''New York Herald Tribune'' and Scripps-Howard's ''New York World-Telegram, World-Telegram and Sun'' to form the ''New York World Journal Tribune'' (recalling the names of the city's mid-market dailies), which collapsed after only a few months.

The 1962 merger of the ''Herald-Express'' and ''Examiner'' in Los Angeles led to the termination of many journalists who began to stage a 10-year strike in 1967. The effects of the strike accelerated the pace of the company's demise, with the ''Herald Examiner'' ceasing publication November 2, 1989.

Newspaper shifts

Hearst moved into hardcover publishing by acquiring Arbor House in 1978 and William Morrow and Company in 1981.

In 1982, the company sold the ''Boston Herald, Boston Herald American'' — the result of the 1972 merger of Hearst's ''Record-American & Advertiser'' with the ''Herald-Traveler'' — to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation (1980–2013), News Corporation, which renamed the paper as ''The Boston Herald'', competing to this day with ''The Boston Globe''.

In 1986, Hearst bought the ''Houston Chronicle'' and that same year closed the 213-year-old ''Baltimore News-American'' after a failed attempt to reach a JOA with Arunah Shepherdson Abell, A.S. Abell Company, the family who published ''The Baltimore Sun'' since its founding in 1837. Abell sold the paper several days later to the Tribune Company, Times-Mirror syndicate of the Chandlers' ''Los Angeles Times'', also competitor to the ''Los Angeles Herald-Examiner'', which folded in 1989. In 1990, both King Features Entertainment and King Phoenix Entertainment were rebranded under the collective Hearst Entertainment umbrella. King Features Entertainment was renamed to Hearst Entertainment Distribution, while King Phoenix Entertainment was renamed to Hearst Entertainment Productions.

In 1993, Hearst closed the ''San Antonio Light'' after it purchased the rival ''San Antonio Express-News'' from Murdoch.

On November 8, 1990, Hearst Corporation acquired the remaining 20% stake of ESPN Inc., ESPN, Inc. from RJR Nabisco for a price estimated between $165 million and $175 million. The other 80% has been owned by The Walt Disney Company since 1996. Over the last 25 years, the ESPN investment is said to have accounted for at least 50% of total Hearst Corp profits and is worth at least $13 billion.

On July 31, 1996, Hearst and the Grupo Cisneros, Cisneros Group of Companies of Venezuela announced its plans to launch Locomotion (TV channel), Locomotion, a Latin American animation cable television channel.

On March 27, 1997, Hearst Broadcasting announced that it would merge with Argyle Television Holdings II for $525 million, the merger was completed in August to form Hearst Television, Hearst-Argyle Television (later renamed as Hearst Television in 2009).

In 1999, Hearst sold its Avon and Morrow book publishing activities to HarperCollins.

In 2000, the Hearst Corp. pulled another "switcheroo" by selling its flagship and "Monarch of the Dailies", the afternoon ''San Francisco Examiner'', and acquiring the long-time competing, but now larger morning paper, ''San Francisco Chronicle'' from the M.H. de Young, Charles de Young family. The ''San Francisco Examiner'' is now published as a daily freesheet.

In December 2003, Marvel Entertainment acquired ''Cover Concepts'' from Hearst, to extend Marvel's demographic reach among public school children.

In 2009, A&E Networks acquired Lifetime Entertainment Services, with Hearst ownership increasing to 42%.

In 2010, Hearst acquired digital marketing agency iCrossing.

In 2011, Hearst absorbed more than 100 magazine titles from the Lagardère Group for more than $700 million and became a challenger of Time Inc ahead of Condé Nast Publications, Condé Nast. In December 2012, Hearst Corporation partnered again with NBCUniversal to launch Esquire Network.

On February 20, 2014, Hearst Magazines International appointed Gary Ellis to the new position, Chief Digital Officer. That December, DreamWorks Animation sold a 25% stake in AwesomenessTV (company), AwesomenessTV for $81.25 million to Hearst.

In January 2017, Hearst announced that it had acquired a majority stake in Litton Entertainment. Its CEO, Dave Morgan, was a former employee of Hearst.

On January 23, 2017, Hearst announced that it had acquired the business operations of The Pioneer Group from fourth-generation family owners Jack and John Batdorff. The Pioneer Group was a Michigan-based communications network that circulates print and digital news to local communities across the state. In addition to daily newspapers, ''The Pioneer'' and ''Manistee News Advocate'', Pioneer published three weekly papers and four local shopper publications, and operated a digital marketing services business. The acquisition brought Hearst Newspapers to publishing 19 daily and 61 weekly papers.

Other 2017 acquisitions include the ''New Haven Register'' and associated papers from Digital First Media, and the Alton, Illinois, ''The Telegraph (Alton, Illinois), Telegraph'' and Jacksonville, Illinois, ''Journal-Courier'' from Civitas Media.

In October 2017, Hearst announced it would acquire the magazine and book businesses of Rodale, Inc., Rodale in Emmaus, Pennsylvania with some sources reporting the purchase price as about $225 million. The transaction was expected to close in January following government approvals.

Chief executive officers

* In 1880, George Hearst entered the newspaper business, acquiring the ''San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Daily Examiner.''
* On March 4, 1887, he turned the ''Examiner'' over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst, who was named editor and publisher. William Hearst died in 1951, at age 88.
* In 1951, Richard E. Berlin, who had served as president of the company since 1943, succeeded William Hearst as chief executive officer. Berlin retired in 1973. William Randolph Hearst Jr. claimed in 1991 that Berlin had suffered from Alzheimer's disease starting in the mid-1960s and that caused him to shut down several Hearst newspapers without just cause.
* From 1973 to 1975, Frank Massi, a longtime Hearst financial officer, served as president, during which time he carried out a financial reorganization followed by an expansion program in the late 1970s.
* From 1975 to 1979, John R. Miller was Hearst president and chief executive officer.
* Frank Bennack served as CEO and president from 1979 to 2002, when he became vice chairman, returning as CEO from 2008 to 2013, and remains executive vice chairman.
* Victor F. Ganzi served as president and CEO from 2002 to 2008.
* Steven Swartz has been president since 2012 and CEO since 2013.

Operating group heads

* David Carey previously served as chairman and group head of the magazines. Debi Chirichella is that unit's president.
* Jeffrey M. Johnson became president of Hearst Newspapers in 2018 upon the promotion of Mark Aldam to executive vice president and chief operating officer of the parent company.

Assets

A non-exhaustive list of its current properties and investments includes:

Magazines

* ''Bicycling (magazine), Bicycling''
* ''Billboard (magazine), Billboard''
* ''Car and Driver''
* ''Cosmopolitan''
* ''Country Living''
* ''Mehmet Oz#Author, Dr. Oz THE GOOD LIFE''
* ''Elle (magazine), ELLE'' (US and UK)
* ''Elle Decor''
* ''Esquire''
* ''Food Network Magazine''
* ''Good Housekeeping''
* ''Harper's Bazaar''
* ''HGTV Magazine''
* ''The Hollywood Reporter''
* ''House Beautiful''
* ''Men's Health (magazine), Men's Health''
* ''Nat Mags''
* ''O, The Oprah Magazine''
* ''Popular Mechanics''
* ''Prevention (magazine), Prevention''
* ''Red''
* ''Redbook''
* ''Road & Track''
* ''Rodale's Organic Life''
* ''Runner's World''
* ''Seventeen (American magazine), Seventeen'' (digital)
* ''Town & Country (magazine), Town & Country''
* ''Veranda (magazine), Veranda''
* ''Woman's Day''
* ''Women's Health (magazine), Women's Health''
* Hearst Books (in partnership with Sterling Publishing)

Newspapers

(alphabetical by state, then title)

* ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (San Francisco, California)
* ''The News-Times'' (Danbury, Connecticut)
* ''Greenwich Time (newspaper), Greenwich Time'' (Greenwich, Connecticut)
* ''The Advocate (Stamford), The Advocate'' (Stamford, Connecticut)
* ''Connecticut Post'' (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
* ''The Middletown Press'' (Middletown, Connecticut)
* ''New Haven Register'' (New Haven, Connecticut)
* ''The Hour (newspaper), The Hour'' (Norwalk, Connecticut)
* ''The Register Citizen'' (Torrington, Connecticut)
* ''The Telegraph (Alton, Illinois), The Telegraph'' (Alton, Illinois)
* ''Edwardsville Intelligencer'' (Edwardsville, Illinois)
* ''Jacksonville Journal-Courier'' (Jacksonville, Illinois)
* ''Huron Daily Tribune'' (Bad Axe, Michigan)
* ''Pioneer'' (Big Rapids, Michigan)
* ''Manistee News Advocate'' (Manistee, Michigan)
* ''Midland Daily News'' (Midland, Michigan)
* ''Times Union (Albany), Times Union'' (Albany, New York)
* ''Beaumont Enterprise'' (Beaumont, Texas)
* ''Houston Chronicle'' (Houston, Texas)
* ''Laredo Morning Times'' (Laredo, Texas)
* ''Midland Reporter-Telegram'' (Midland, Texas)
* ''Plainview Daily Herald'' (Plainview, Texas)
* ''San Antonio Express-News'' (San Antonio, Texas)
* ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'' (Seattle, Washington)

Broadcasting

* A&E Networks, A+E Networks (owns 50%; shared joint venture with The Walt Disney Company)
* ESPN Inc., ESPN, Inc. (owns 20%; also shared with Disney, which owns the other 80%)
** List of assets owned by Bell Media#CTV Specialty Television, CTV Specialty Television (owns 4% through its co-ownership of ESPN; shared joint venture with Bell Media, which owns 80%)
* Hearst Television (owns 100%; owner of 29 local television stations and two local radio stations/one translator)
* Hearst Media Production Group (owns 100%; provider of broadcast syndication, syndicated programming, mainly Regulations on children's television programming in the United States, educational and informational programming, and contracted with four of the five major broadcast networks to provide their weekly educational output)

Internet

* BestProducts.com
* Clevver
* Delish.com
* Digital Spy
* NetDoctor
* Hearst Interactive Media

Other

* Black Book (National Auto Research)
* CDS Global
* First Databank
* Fitch Ratings
* Homecare Homebase
* iCrossing
* Jumpstart Automotive Group
* King Features Syndicate
* KUBRA
* LocalEdge (Buffalo, New York)
* Map of Medicine
* MCG Health
* ODG by Workloss Data Institute
* Zynx Health

Trustees of William Randolph Hearst's will

Under William Randolph Hearst's will, a common board of thirteen trustees (its composition fixed at five family members and eight outsiders) administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation, and the trust that owns (and selects the 26-member board of) the Hearst Corporation (immediate parent of Hearst Communications which shares the same officers). The foundations shared ownership until Tax Reform Act of 1969, tax law changed to prevent this.

In 2009, it was estimated to be the largest private company managed by trustees in this way. As of 2017, the trustees are:

Family members

* Anissa Bouadjakdji Balson, granddaughter of fifth son, David Whitmire Hearst Sr.
* Lisa Hearst Hagerman, granddaughter of third son, John Randolph Hearst Sr.
* George Randolph Hearst III, grandson of Hearst's eldest son, George Randolph Hearst Sr., and publisher of the ''Albany Times Union''
* William Randolph Hearst III, son of second son, William Randolph Hearst Jr., and chairman of the board of the corporation
* Virginia Hearst Randt, daughter of late former chairman and fourth son, Randolph Apperson Hearst

Non-family members

* James M. Asher, chief legal and development officer of the corporation
* David J. Barrett, former chief executive officer of Hearst Television, Inc.
* Frank A. Bennack Jr., former chief executive officer and executive vice chairman of the corporation
* John G. Conomikes, former executive of the corporation
* Gilbert C. Maurer, former chief operating officer of the corporation and former president of Hearst Magazines
* Mark F. Miller, former executive vice president of Hearst Magazines
* Mitchell Scherzer, senior vice president and chief financial officer of the corporation
* Steven R. Swartz, president and chief executive officer of the corporation

The trust dissolves when all family members alive at the time of Hearst's death in August 1951 have died.

See also

* 224 West 57th Street, building formerly occupied by Hearst Magazines
* Newsboys' strike of 1899

References

Further reading

* Carlisle, Rodney. "The Foreign Policy Views of an Isolationist Press Lord: WR Hearst and the International Crisis, 1936–41." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 9.3 (1974): 217–227.
* Nasaw, David. ''The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst. ''(2000). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ., a prominent scholarly biography.
* Pizzitola, Louis. ''Hearst over Hollywood: power, passion, and propaganda in the movies'' (Columbia UP, 2002).
* Procter, Ben H. ''William Randolph Hearst: Final Edition, 1911–1951.'' (Oxford UP 2007).
* Whyte, Kenneth. ''The uncrowned king: The sensational rise of William Randolph Hearst'' (2009).

External links

*

The Hearst Foundation, Inc.

Hearst Global Solutions

{{Authority control

Hearst Communications,
Hearst family
Mass media companies established in 1887
Mass media companies based in New York City
Magazine publishing companies of the United States
Newspaper companies of the United States
Publishing companies based in New York City
Companies based in Manhattan
American companies established in 1887
Publishing companies established in 1887
1887 establishments in California
Privately held companies based in New York City
William Randolph Hearst
Family-owned companies of the United States